Li et al. (2025) The Thermodynamic and Dynamic Cause Analysis of Three Extensive Compound Heatwaves from 2011 to 2024 in Mainland Spain

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Identification

• Journal: Remote Sensing
• Year: 2025
• Date: 2025-08-27
• Authors: Zeqi Li, Nan Jiang, Yan Xu, Luísa Bastos, J. Wang, Tianhe Xu
• DOI: 10.3390/rs17172976

Research Groups

Not explicitly mentioned in the provided text.

Short Summary

This study investigates the thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of three extensive compound heatwaves in mainland Spain (2011–2024), identifying soil moisture deficit as the primary thermodynamic factor and a persistent large-scale circulation pattern (intense Azores High and warm high-pressure ridge) as the dynamic cause.

Objective

• To analyze the thermodynamic and dynamic causes of three extensive compound heatwaves (concurrent daytime and nighttime high temperatures) over mainland Spain during 2011–2024, and to explain differences in their duration based on thermodynamic processes and large-scale circulation evolution.

Study Configuration

• Spatial Scale: Mainland Spain
• Temporal Scale: Summers between 2011 and 2024, focusing on three extensive compound heatwave events.

Methodology and Data

• Models used: First law of thermodynamics, surface energy balance.
• Data sources: Station data, reanalysis data.

Main Results

• High temperatures occurred more frequently over mainland Spain during 2015–2024 compared with 2011–2014.
• Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative contributions from horizontal advection, positive contributions from adiabatic heating, and a dominant positive contribution from diabatic heating in the formation of the three heatwaves.
• Despite anomalously increased solar radiation, soil moisture deficit was identified as the primary factor in heatwave formation.
• Dynamic analysis showed a consistent large-scale circulation configuration during the three heatwaves, characterized by an anomalously intense Azores High and the ridge line of a warm high-pressure ridge, accompanied by a weak divergent flow.

Contributions

• Offers valuable insights into the thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of compound heatwaves in Spain.
• Helps to understand the universal mechanisms behind heatwave formation by identifying key contributing factors like soil moisture deficit and specific large-scale circulation patterns.

Funding

Not explicitly mentioned in the provided text.

Citation

@article{Li2025Thermodynamic,
  author = {Li, Zeqi and Jiang, Nan and Xu, Yan and Bastos, Luísa and Wang, J. and Xu, Tianhe},
  title = {The Thermodynamic and Dynamic Cause Analysis of Three Extensive Compound Heatwaves from 2011 to 2024 in Mainland Spain},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.3390/rs17172976},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17172976}
}