Zhang et al. (2025) Challenges and Strategies for Flood Forecasting in a Changing Environment

Identification

• Journal: Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Year: 2025
• Date: 2025-12-01
• Authors: Jianyun Zhang, Junliang Jin, Liujun Zhu, Zhangkang Shu, Kang Xie, Ziwei Li
• DOI: 10.3724/bnsfc-2025-0076

Research Groups

• The DOI Foundation
• Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)

Short Summary

This document describes the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system, its purpose in providing persistent identification and reliable access to digital objects, and highlights recent operational milestones, including reaching over 3 billion proxy resolutions in a single month.

Objective

• To provide persistent, unique identification and reliable access to any object (physical, digital, or abstract) through the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system.
• To inform about the operational scale and performance of the DOI resolution infrastructure.

Study Configuration

• Spatial Scale: Global (as implied by the international community and widespread use of DOIs).
• Temporal Scale: Operational performance tracking, including monthly resolution counts (e.g., December 2025), uptime over 90 days, and total resolutions to date (all time).

Methodology and Data

• Models used: Not applicable; the text describes an operational digital identification system, not a scientific model.
• Data sources: Actual number of DOI resolutions recorded by the doi.org proxy, average resolution rates, and self-identified machine usage data.

Main Results

• The DOI system achieved over 3 billion (3,071,362,438) proxy resolutions in December 2025.
• This resolution rate translates to over 1146 resolutions per second, or one resolution every 0.37 microseconds.
• Approximately 19% of this usage is identified as machine-driven, though this is considered a low estimate.
• The underlying infrastructure, built and maintained by CNRI, is described as resilient and scalable.

Contributions

• The article highlights the critical role of the DOI system in providing persistent identification and reliable access to diverse objects across various communities (e.g., scholarly research, entertainment, built environment).
• It demonstrates the robust and scalable nature of the DOI resolution infrastructure, capable of handling billions of resolutions monthly.
• It underscores the increasing reliance on persistent identifiers in the digital landscape.

Funding

• The DOI Foundation is a not-for-profit organization.
• It is governed by its Registration Agencies, implying funding and support come from these agencies and its non-profit structure.

Citation

@article{Zhang2025Challenges,
  author = {Zhang, Jianyun and Jin, Junliang and Zhu, Liujun and Shu, Zhangkang and Xie, Kang and Li, Ziwei},
  title = {Challenges and Strategies for Flood Forecasting in a Changing Environment},
  journal = {Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.3724/bnsfc-2025-0076},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3724/bnsfc-2025-0076}
}