He et al. (2026) Multi-Scale Effects of 2D/3D Urban Morphology Factors on Land Surface Temperature Using LightGBM-SHAP: A Case Study in Beijing

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Identification

• Journal: Remote Sensing
• Year: 2026
• Date: 2026-04-23
• Authors: Ruizi He, Yì Wáng, Liu D
• DOI: 10.3390/rs18091287

Research Groups

Not specified in the provided text.

Short Summary

This study utilizes a LightGBM-SHAP framework to quantify the multi-scale influence of 2D and 3D urban morphology on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Beijing during a summer heatwave. The results reveal that 2D factors dominate LST regulation at fine-to-medium scales, while 3D factors become more influential at coarser scales.

Objective

• To quantify the relative explanatory roles, factor-specific optimal scales, and nonlinear response patterns of integrated 2D and 3D urban morphological factors on LST within a unified multi-scale framework.

Study Configuration

• Spatial Scale: Area within Beijing’s Fifth Ring Road, analyzed at five distinct scales: 150 m, 300 m, 600 m, 900 m, and 1200 m.
• Temporal Scale: A typical summer daytime heatwave event.

Methodology and Data

• Models used: LightGBM (Light Gradient Boosting Machine) for predictive modeling and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) for interpretability and nonlinear response analysis.
• Data sources: Landsat 8 satellite imagery.

Main Results

• Predictive Performance: The LightGBM models showed the highest mean $R^2$ at the 600 m scale, followed by the 300 m scale.
• Scale-Dependent Dominance: 2D morphological factors exhibit stronger associations with LST at fine-to-medium scales, whereas 3D factors are more influential at coarser scales.
• Nonlinear Responses: Specific threshold-like patterns were identified; for instance, at the 150 m scale, a cooling tendency is observed when the Mean Building Height (MBH) exceeds 15 m.

Contributions

• Provides scale-explicit and context-specific evidence for the relationship between urban morphology and LST.
• Offers empirical references for urban heat-mitigation strategies, suggesting a combination of micro-scale surface-cover optimization and larger-scale regulation of building height and urban roughness.

Funding

Not specified in the provided text.

Citation

@article{He2026MultiScale,
  author = {He, Ruizi and Wáng, Yì and D, Liu},
  title = {Multi-Scale Effects of 2D/3D Urban Morphology Factors on Land Surface Temperature Using LightGBM-SHAP: A Case Study in Beijing},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/rs18091287},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18091287}
}