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George et al. (2026) Submarine groundwater discharge and associated fluxes along the Kanyakumari coast of India using radon and nutrient mass balance approach
This study quantified submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and associated nutrient fluxes along the Kanyakumari coast of India using radon and nutrient mass balance approaches, revealing significant seasonal variations influenced by monsoonal recharge and tidal dynamics.
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Byrne et al. (2026) Dataset for Geospatial Interpolation of Soil Profile Depth in the Magic Valley, Idaho, USA: Use of Publicly Available Well Report Data
This paper presents a dataset and methodology for creating a soil profile depth map for the Magic Valley, Idaho, USA, by manually extracting and geostatistically interpolating soil depths from approximately 5,700 publicly available well log reports. The study demonstrates the utility of this data source for mapping critical soil properties in dryland regions, essential for understanding ecosystem productivity and climate regulation.
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Santos et al. (2026) Estimates of soil loss and sediment deposition in the Wadi Ouahrane Basin in northern Algeria based on the WaTEM/SEDEM model
This study applied the WaTEM/SEDEM model to assess spatiotemporal soil erosion and sediment dynamics in the Wadi Ouahrane Basin, north-central Algeria, from 1973 to 2017, revealing significant internal sediment deposition and a total river export of 39,000 kg.
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Khosravi et al. (2026) A geographically weighted XGBoost framework for Pixel-Level modeling of vegetation responses using Multi-Source Earth Observation data
This study introduces Geographically Weighted XGBoost (GW-XGBoost), a hybrid and interpretable framework, to model pixel-level vegetation responses to climate extremes in the Middle East. The model, calibrated with 30 years of multi-source Earth Observation data, outperforms baseline models and reveals a significant ecological transition where vegetation sensitivity has shifted from cold/precipitation constraints to warm temperatures and episodic moisture pulses.
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Li et al. (2026) Spectral albedo, vegetation greenness, and radiative forcing responses of the Amazon to drought and wet conditions from 2005 to 2016
This study investigates the responses of spectral albedo, vegetation greenness, and albedo-driven radiative forcing to drought and wet conditions in the Amazon (2005-2016) across evergreen broadleaf forest, grassland, and savannas. It finds that visible and shortwave albedo negatively correlate with wetness over grasslands and savannas, while evergreen broadleaf forests show less pronounced and more complex responses, with significant implications for surface radiative forcing.
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Wang et al. (2026) Flood simulation and risk assessment in urban underground spaces based on 3D laser scanning: capacity–depth–damage curves and computational fluid dynamics-based flood response
This study develops and cross-validates an integrated framework for flood simulation and risk assessment in urban underground spaces, combining a rapid rainfall-informed capacity–depth–damage (C–D–D) curve method with a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) inundation model. The framework provides actionable risk indicators, demonstrating that higher rainfall intensities significantly reduce evacuation windows, with both methods showing strong consistency in threshold timing while CFD offers superior spatial resolution for early risk identification.
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Elsahabi et al. (2026) Evaluating evaporation and seepage losses in lakes using sentinel images and the water balance equation
This study assessed evaporation and seepage losses in Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) by integrating Sentinel-3 imagery, field data, and the water balance equation, demonstrating the method's reliability for estimating these water losses and evaporation rates.
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Martí et al. (2026) Implementation of a dry surface layer soil resistance in two contrasting semi-arid sites with SURFEX-ISBA V9.0
This study evaluates and improves the SURFEX-ISBA V9.0 land surface model's estimation of latent heat fluxes in semi-arid environments by implementing a dry surface layer (DSL) soil resistance. The DSL resistance successfully reduced the overestimation of bare soil evaporation, leading to a 29% to 32% reduction in the daily Root Mean Square Error of latent heat flux at two contrasting sites.
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Hancock et al. (2026) 21st century hydrological trends in the Mississippi River basin intensify the east to west moisture gradient
This study validates 19 CMIP6 models against historical observations to project future monthly hydroclimate changes in the Mississippi River system under the SSP3-7.0 pathway. It finds consistent increases in precipitation but decreases in soil moisture due to enhanced evaporative demand, with highly divergent and regionally varied trends for runoff and discharge driven by large-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns.
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Doostmohamadi et al. (2026) Projecting Surface Runoff Variability Under Climate Change in a Water-Stressed Arid Watershed; Using SWAT Model and CMIP6 Scenarios (Case Study: Zardtol Watershed, Semnan, Iran)
This study projects surface runoff variability in the arid Zardtol watershed under climate change using the SWAT model and CMIP6 scenarios, revealing significant future reductions in average monthly runoff and an intensification of hydrological droughts.
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Rivoire et al. (2026) Identification of hydro-meteorological drivers for forest low greenness events in Europe
This study identifies hydro-meteorological drivers of forest low greenness events across Europe using a random forest model and satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. It reveals that warm and dry conditions in spring and early summer, along with multi-year influences, are critical predictors for forest browning, with regional and forest-type specific variations.
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Wang et al. (2026) Beyond Annual Averages: Multi‐Scale Rainfall Variability, Drought Indicators, and Seasonal Shifts Under a Changing Climate
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Tsiros et al. (2026) Variability of the Climate in Athens‐Greece Over the Last 165 Years of the Period 1858–2023: An Assessment Based on Thornthwaite's Climate Classification and Relevant Indices
## Identification - **Journal:** International Journal of Climatology - **Year:** 2026...
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Eslami et al. (2026) Calibration and Validation of the SEBS Model for Actual Evapotranspiration Assessment of Medicinal Herbs in Arid and Semi‐Arid Iran: Implications for Irrigation Management
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Wang et al. (2026) Subseasonal Ensemble Prediction of the 2024 Abrupt Drought-to-Flood Transition in Henan Province, China
This study developed a three-dimensional method using soil moisture percentiles to identify and evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of an abrupt drought-to-flood transition (ADFT) event in Henan Province, China, in 2024, using ECMWF S2S reforecasts. It found that while the ECMWF model captured the transition at a 1-week lead, its skill significantly decreased at a 2-week lead due to model errors and atmospheric circulation biases.
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Devi et al. (2026) Assessment of Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling under Climate Change Scenarios using the FAO-CROPWAT Model: A Review
This review synthesizes 22 studies applying the FAO–CROPWAT model to assess agricultural water demand and irrigation planning, confirming its reliability as a decision-support tool for climate-resilient water management amidst regional variability and projected increases in future irrigation requirements due to climate change.
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Ma et al. (2026) Response of sediment delivery ratio to water-sediment and riverbed boundary conditions during flood events in the lower yellow river since 2000
This study investigates the response of the sediment delivery ratio to water-sediment and riverbed boundary conditions in the Lower Yellow River since 2000, developing a theoretical equation that incorporates riverbed characteristics for improved accuracy in predicting sediment transport capacity during flood events. The findings highlight the crucial role of riverbed boundaries and offer practical recommendations for river management.
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Li et al. (2026) Deriving phase-contingent dynamic drought-limited water levels: An adaptive framework for managing megadrought evolution
This study develops an adaptive framework to derive dynamic, phase-contingent Drought-Limited Water Levels (DLWLs) for managing megadroughts in reservoirs, addressing the limitations of static thresholds. It demonstrates that a supervised Random Forest model, anchored in physically constrained hydrological benchmarks, reliably classifies drought severity across four evolutionary phases, enabling improved, resilient reservoir operation.
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Xu et al. (2026) Time-lag and cumulative drought effects decouple vegetation sensitivity from damage risk in the upper Yangtze River basin
This study analyzed vegetation response to drought in the upper Yangtze River basin (1990-2022) using NDVI and multi-scale SPEI, developing a composite drought sensitivity index and quantifying loss risk with a Copula-Bayes framework, revealing that drought sensitivity does not always align with actual vegetation loss probability.
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Rajashekar et al. (2026) Extending the MMMT Temporal Change Detection Tool to Assess Significant Shifts in Diverse Environmental Datasets
## Identification - **Journal:** JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association - **Year:** 2026...
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Baker (2026) Identification of synoptic climate and drought controls on rainfall stable water isotopic composition in the Macleay karst region of eastern Australia
This study investigates the stable water isotopic composition of precipitation, karst springs, and rivers in the Macleay region of eastern Australia to understand the influence of synoptic climate and drought on rainfall isotopes and to estimate groundwater recharge thresholds. It found that offshore low-pressure systems deliver isotopically depleted rainfall, which preferentially recharges groundwater, with a daily recharge threshold estimated between 11 mm and 40 mm.
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Shikwambana et al. (2026) Analyzing the Effect of the 2015/16 Catastrophic El Niño Event on Wildfire Emissions in Southern Africa Using Lagged Correlation and Interrupted Time-Series Causal Impact Technique
This study analyzed the impacts of the 2015/16 El Niño on Southern African wildfire emissions, vegetation, and meteorological conditions, revealing that the event significantly amplified fire emissions and degraded ecosystem functioning through strong climate-fire-vegetation feedback.
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Seehaus et al. (2026) Rainfall Pattern and Erosivity: A 90-Year Study in a Cropland Region of Argentina
This study quantifies 90-year trends in precipitation metrics and rainfall erosivity in a critical cropland region of Argentina, revealing a significant climatic shift since the 1970s towards higher precipitation and greater erosivity, strongly correlated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
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Ibrahim et al. (2026) Securing the Silent Reserve: Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Global Groundwater Storage Downscaling
This study introduces a novel physics-informed deep learning framework to enhance the spatial resolution of global groundwater storage anomaly data from 0.5 degrees to 0.125 degrees. The framework achieves a 26% improvement in accuracy over baselines while maintaining hydrological consistency through soft multi-scale physical constraints.
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Dobrovolný et al. (2026) Spatiotemporal Changes in Precipitation Concentration in the Atlantic‐European Region
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Dong et al. (2026) Surface Soil Moisture Drydown over the Tibetan Plateau from SMAP: Consistency with In Situ Observations, Spatial Patterns and Controls
This study evaluates the consistency of SMAP satellite-derived surface soil moisture drydown timescales (τ) with in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau, maps its spatial patterns, and identifies dominant environmental controls. It finds that SMAP systematically yields shorter drydown timescales than in situ measurements, primarily due to differences in effective sensing depth and spatial representativeness, with τ exhibiting a clear southeast-to-northwest gradient driven by elevation, soil sand fraction, and vegetation.
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Su et al. (2026) Assessing drought changes in China under a CO2 removal scenario
This study evaluates regional drought responses in China to CO2 removal (CDR) scenarios, revealing a 5–10 year lagged drought recovery and incomplete, regionally heterogeneous reversibility even after CO2 returns to pre-industrial levels. The findings highlight the critical role of climatic inertia and the necessity for region-specific adaptation strategies in carbon-neutral pathways.
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Yuan et al. (2026) Integrating ecosystem adaptability into drought resilience assessment: a case study of the Yellow River Basin, China
This study developed an integrated framework to assess ecosystem drought resilience by incorporating adaptability as a third dimension alongside resistance and recovery. Applying this framework to the Yellow River Basin (1982–2017), the research found opposite trends and trade-offs between resistance and recovery, with overall resilience increasing over time.
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Fassnacht et al. (2026) Snow Surface Roughness at a Ski Resort During Melt
This study quantifies the variability of snow surface roughness at a ski resort during melt, revealing substantial differences between natural (sun cups, dust) and groomed snow surfaces. These variations lead to an order-of-magnitude difference in the geometric-based aerodynamic roughness length (z0) and subsequent modeled snowpack sublimation, highlighting the inadequacy of assuming a constant z0.
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Zhou et al. (2026) A theoretical index for understanding distinct land relative humidity trends in observations, reanalyses, and models
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Ferguson (2026) Do wet or dry soils trigger thunderstorms? It depends on how the wind blows
This News & Views article discusses how the interaction between soil moisture and vertical wind shear significantly influences thunderstorm initiation, enabling more precise short-term forecasting of intense storms.
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Pavelsky et al. (2026) Evaluation using in-situ observations from national governments and Citizen Scientists suggests nadir altimeters can accurately measure water level changes regardless of lake area
This study evaluates the accuracy of nadir altimeters (Sentinel-3 and Jason-3) in measuring water level changes across various lake sizes using in-situ and citizen science observations, concluding that they can accurately measure water level changes regardless of lake area.
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Medina‐Roldán et al. (2026) Comparison of National and Regional Assessments of Soil Loss Rates by Water Erosion and Soil Erosion Control: An Application to the Tuscany Region (Italy)
This study compares regional and European-scale Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) applications for Tuscany, Italy, revealing that regional high-resolution data estimates significantly higher soil erosion rates and better identifies high-risk areas compared to broader European datasets.
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Batungwanayo et al. (2026) Compound drought stressors drive vegetation decline in the African Great Lakes region: a multiscale causal analysis
This study identifies the direct drivers of compound drought impacts on vegetation productivity in the African Great Lakes Region (AGLR) over 25 years, revealing that combined vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture (SM) deficits are the primary causal factors, leading to a 15% greater greenness decline in croplands and shrublands compared to forests.
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Merlo et al. (2026) Tracking shifts in European drought hotspots
This study develops novel impact-based Combined Drought Indices (iCDIs) using a machine learning framework to directly link hydroclimatic drivers to remotely sensed vegetation stress across Europe. The iCDIs outperform traditional indices and project a significant northward shift in future drought impacts, identifying Central Europe as an emerging hotspot, contrary to conventional views.
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Sun et al. (2026) Land use and land cover change intensified soil moisture drought: evidence from CMIP6-LUMIP
This study quantifies the long-term impacts of historical land use and land cover change (LULCC) on global soil moisture drought (SMD) characteristics from 1901-2014, finding that LULCC significantly intensifies SMD over more than half of the global land area by altering surface energy partitioning and depleting soil water storage.
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Kwon et al. (2026) Synergistic impact of simultaneously assimilating radar- and radiometer-based soil moisture retrievals on the performance of numerical weather prediction systems
This study evaluates the synergistic impact of simultaneously assimilating radar-based (ASCAT) and radiometer-based (SMAP) soil moisture retrievals into the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) using a weakly coupled data assimilation system. The findings demonstrate that multi-sensor soil moisture assimilation leads to more balanced and improved analyses and forecasts of specific humidity, air temperature, and precipitation compared to single-sensor assimilation.
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Zhang et al. (2026) Long-Term Evolution of Permafrost across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Perspectives from Multi-Model Ensembles and Machine Learning
This study combined CMIP6 data with machine learning models to project permafrost extent and maximum seasonal soil freeze depth (SFD) across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) from 2025 to 2100 under various SSP scenarios. Results indicate continuous permafrost degradation into seasonally frozen ground, with SFD declining significantly, and specific high-risk zones identified, with the Deep Neural Network (DNN) model demonstrating superior performance.
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Ravazzolo et al. (2026) Towards integrated short-term Rain-on-Grid modeling and long-term RUSLE estimates for improved erosion susceptibility assessment in the Oltrepò Pavese hills of Northern Italy
This study evaluates the complementary use of the empirical Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and a two-dimensional Rain-on-Grid (RoG) hydrodynamic model for erosion susceptibility assessment in Northern Italy. The models showed over 50% spatial overlap in identifying erosion-prone areas, with RoG better reproducing event-based erosion zones and RUSLE capturing land-cover effects, offering a practical integrated framework for data-scarce catchments.
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Bi et al. (2026) A 0.1° monthly potential evapotranspiration dataset based on the optimal models over global vegetation zones
This study developed a global 0.1° monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) dataset for 1992–2022 by calibrating and selecting optimal PET models (Priestley-Taylor and Milly-Dunne) using observations from 124 eddy covariance sites, aiming to reduce uncertainties in existing PET products.
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Eliades et al. (2026) Forests in a semi-arid climate die with a memory: satellite signals predict forest mortality years after drought
This study investigates the relationship between satellite-derived vegetation indicators and meteorological drought indices to understand tree mortality mechanisms in semi-arid Cypriot forests, revealing that severe drought conditions trigger mortality and that vegetation response is linked to multi-year climate memory effects, with indicator effectiveness varying by species and post-mortality stage.
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Sellami (2026) Spatiotemporal Droughts Propagation and Direct Driving Variables Under Climate Change Projections: A Case Study of Tunisia
## Identification - **Journal:** International Journal of Climatology - **Year:** 2026...
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Xu (2026) Stable Isotopes and Chlorine Concentration Data from Wuding River (July 2024)
This study utilized stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, along with chlorine concentration data from the Wuding River, to investigate hydrological resilience and baseflow buffering during extreme drought conditions in the Loess Plateau, China.
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Xu (2026) Stable Isotopes and Chlorine Concentration Data from Wuding River (July 2024)
This data publication presents hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope and chlorine concentration data from surface water and groundwater collected in the Wuding River in July 2024, intended to support research on hydrological resilience and baseflow buffering under extreme drought conditions on the Loess Plateau, China.
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Onyike et al. (2026) Dataset for "A Multi-continental Synthesis of High-volume MAR Systems Effectiveness for Land Subsidence Mitigation"
This multi-continental synthesis evaluates the effectiveness of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems in mitigating land subsidence across 12 high-volume sites, revealing varied responses influenced by aquifer architecture, hydroclimatic forcing, and operational intensity.
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Onyike et al. (2026) Dataset for "A Multi-continental Synthesis of High-volume MAR Systems Effectiveness for Land Subsidence Mitigation"
This multi-continental synthesis evaluates the effectiveness of 12 high-volume Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems in mitigating land subsidence using satellite radar data. It finds that MAR effectiveness varies significantly, influenced by aquifer architecture, hydroclimatic conditions, and operational intensity, with some sites achieving uplift while others continue to subside.
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Poschlod et al. (2026) Climate change effects on river droughts in Bavaria using a hydrological large ensemble
This study investigates the impact of climate change on rare and extreme river droughts in two Bavarian catchments using a unique hydrological large ensemble. It projects a drastic increase in the frequency and intensity of summer droughts, with historical 100-year events becoming significantly more common by the far future (2070–2099) under a high-emission scenario.
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Mliyeh et al. (2026) Advancing hydrological modeling in the Mediterranean: Multi-objective calibration of the SWAT+ model using open-source data and tools
This study evaluated multi-variable calibration strategies for the SWAT+ model in the Upper Oum Er Rbia watershed, Morocco, integrating streamflow and remote sensing evapotranspiration data. The multi-variable approach achieved satisfactory and balanced performance for both streamflow (NSE = 0.75, KGE = 0.77) and evapotranspiration (NSE = 0.51, KGE = 0.64), highlighting the value of open-access remote sensing ET data in refining hydrological model parameters for data-scarce regions.
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Beguería et al. (2026) Water balance components of the Pyrenees: A 30-year modelling study in a transboundary context
This study reconstructed the regional water balance for the Pyrenees over the 1981–2010 historical baseline using two contrasting hydrological models, SASER and SWAT. Results reveal strong hydroclimatic gradients and highlight evapotranspiration, recharge, and snowmelt timing as key sources of structural uncertainty, establishing the first integrated, transboundary hydrological baseline for the region.
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Marson et al. (2026) The Explore2-2022 climate projections dataset for impact studies over France.
This paper introduces the Explore2-2022 dataset, a new set of bias-corrected regional climate projections for France, sub-sampled from the EURO-CORDEX (EUR11) ensemble and consistent with CMIP6, designed to support impact studies, particularly on water resources, and characterize climate change uncertainties.
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Shahnazi et al. (2026) A novel implementation of a decomposition-enhanced hybrid GWO–KELM model with LUBE for constructing prediction intervals of groundwater drought
This study developed a novel decomposition-enhanced hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)–Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) model with Lower–Upper Bound Estimation (LUBE) for multi-horizon point and interval forecasting of groundwater drought (Standardized Groundwater Index, SGI). The Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD)–GWO–KELM model consistently outperformed other approaches, especially for short-term forecasts, providing reliable and sharp prediction intervals.
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TIAN et al. (2026) Intensifying droughts, heatwaves, and compound drought–heatwave events and their spatiotemporal patterns in Africa (1979–2024)
This study systematically evaluates the spatiotemporal patterns of heatwaves, droughts, and compound drought–heatwave (CDHW) events across Africa from 1979 to 2024, revealing significant intensification of all three, with CDHWs accelerating since the 2000s, particularly in Eastern and Southern Africa.
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Häberli et al. (2026) Unprecedented extreme meteorological droughts simulated in Fenno-Scandinavia with high-resolution climate models
This study assesses future meteorological drought probabilities in Fenno-Scandinavia using high-resolution convection-permitting regional climate models (CPRCMs) and a novel multi-threshold Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. It projects a decrease in moderate droughts but a significant increase in unprecedented extreme droughts, particularly during the critical growing season, highlighting the added value of CPRCMs.
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Baioni et al. (2026) A regionally based method to identify lithology-specific hydraulic conductivity distributions in shallow aquifers using catchment-scale effective values
This paper introduces a novel method (HCDM) to infer lithology-specific hydraulic conductivity distributions in shallow aquifers using catchment-scale effective values. Validated with synthetic data and applied to 113 catchments in the Armorican Massif, the method demonstrates high predictive accuracy, with 85% of modeled conductivities falling within a 90% confidence interval of observed values.
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Singh et al. (2026) Global shifts in rainfall drought relationship: weakening association in tropics
This study examines global meteorological drought dynamics from 1951 to 2016, revealing a sixfold increase in global drought frequency, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It finds that increased rainfall variability, rather than just rainfall deficit, is increasingly driving these droughts, leading to a 60 % rise in drought likelihood even during surplus rainfall years.
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Sánchez‐Gómez et al. (2026) Climate Change in the Upper Tagus River Basin: Impacts on Climate Variables and Hydrological Processes
## Identification - **Journal:** Hydrological Processes - **Year:** 2026...
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Dioha et al. (2026) Future projections of aridity change across Africa's climatic regions
This study aims to project future changes in aridity across various climatic regions of Africa, providing insights into the potential impacts of climate change on the continent.
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Rahman et al. (2026) Comprehending the impact of hydro-meteorological droughts on ecosystem vulnerability and resilience across the Indus River Basin in Pakistan
This study develops a catchment-based integrated drought index (CIDI) for the Indus River Basin by integrating the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Water Availability Index (SWAI), and assesses ecosystem vulnerability and resilience, finding CIDI to be robust and identifying extreme vulnerability in the Middle and Lower Indus Basins.
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Khan et al. (2026) Mapping agricultural drought hotspots in Pakistan: a remote sensing-based climate–vegetation nexus
This study analyzes agricultural drought dynamics in Pakistan from 2001 to 2023 using multisensor remote-sensing indices, revealing spatially heterogeneous and seasonally structured drought occurrences with northern regions being resilient and southern/western regions highly vulnerable, necessitating region- and season-specific adaptation strategies.
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Harris et al. (2026) Weather News
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Bernal‐Mujica et al. (2026) The Impact of Deciduous Forest and Topography on Snowpack Dynamics in a Headwater Catchment in the Southern Andes Cordillera
## Identification - **Journal:** Hydrological Processes - **Year:** 2026...
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Adekilae et al. (2026) Pseudo‐diffusivity characteristic curves for surface–rootzone soil hydrologic connectivity
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Dueñas-Tovar et al. (2026) Integration of spectral indices and precipitation data to assess river morphometric features in a tropical semi-humid environment
This study developed a reproducible remote sensing workflow using eight optical indices and a Random Forest algorithm to assess river channel mobility (lateral shift and sinuosity) in a data-limited tropical semi-humid environment. The workflow successfully identified episodic, reach-specific channel adjustments, with lateral shifts up to 500 meters, and revealed a short-term negative correlation between antecedent precipitation and lateral displacement.
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Minea et al. (2026) Coupled evolution of meteorological and hydrological drought until 2100 based on changes in climate scenarios
This study analyzed the coupled evolution of meteorological and hydrological droughts in Eastern Romania from 1971-2100 using historical data and future climate scenarios, revealing strong correlations between drought types and a projected increase in severe and extreme hydrological droughts by the end of the century.
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Fu et al. (2026) Climate change enhances the propagation from meteorological to lake drought
This study quantified the propagation time and probability from meteorological to lake droughts for 153,643 global lakes from 1985 to 2018, revealing that climate change is enhancing this propagation, particularly in arid regions and North America due to rising temperatures and vapor pressure deficit.